The main active ingredient of Relvene® was trioxyethylrutin typically called “troxerutin” or vitamin P4, a flavonol derivative of the natural product rutin. Troxerutin is also a natural product, initially isolated from the Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica L.) and found in various fruits and vegetables. The product has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. As such, the product has revealed a range of pharmacological effects, including vasoprotective, antidepressive, antianxiety, antiobesity, antifatigue and anticancer effects. Relvene was recommended to treat venous insufficiency, such as venous disease in the legs, varicose veins and hemorrhoidal diseases. This veno-active drug is no longer used today but the phlebotonic active ingredient trioxyethylrutin remains largely used in other preparations, to prevent venous ulceration. Troxerutin binds to and inhibits human neutrophil elastase. It decreases production of proinflammatory cytokines. The product has been shown also to regulate the intestinal microbial composition and the intestinal barrier. It is a regulator of the gut microbiota. Troxerutin can be found in diverse medicinal products (tablets, capsules, creams, gels, liquids) and its numerous pharmacological effects are largely investigated worldwide. Novel formulations (nanoparticules, microemulsions) are proposed to improve oral delivery and/or efficacy of the product..
